Dispatch a courier fleet across the city, wave after wave. Too few vans and routes blow past the delivery window; too many and cost and CO₂ run away. Find the density sweet spot.
Last-mile cost is dominated by how many stops each vehicle covers per route within the promised window. Under-fill routes and cost per drop soars; over-fill them and the window is missed.
Each wave, demand meets your fleet capacity (vans × density × window). On-time falls as load passes 100%; cost and CO₂ rise with vans and distance, offset by electric share.
Tune vans and drops-per-route so load sits just under capacity, widen the window when demand surges, and raise EV share to cut CO₂ cheaply.
